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(1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 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(N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 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1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 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(N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 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(N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 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(N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 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(N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 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1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) (N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1)
メモ
k=1 (1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) K=2 (N 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) k=3 (N N N 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) k=4 (N N N 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) k=5 (N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1) K=6 (N N N N 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) k=7 (N N N N N 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2) k=8 (N N N N N 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1) k=9 (N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1) k=10(N N N N N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1)
ガウス雑音がある通信路の通信路容量
ガウス雑音がある通信路の通信路容量
を証明します。以下は、甘利俊一著「情報理論」に書いてあることをまとめたものです。
証明のポイントは2つです。
加法的雑音があるとき、通信路容量の式が
となることと、
平均電力が与えられたときの最大エントロピーが
となることです。
それでは、証明してみます。
標本化定理より、最大周波数の送信信号は
と表せます。
は、標本化関数で直交完全系をなします。但し、ノルムの2乗はです。
はを成分とするベクトルで表せます。このベクトルの次元はです。
受信信号も同様にで表し、雑音信号も同様にで表します。
なので、
となります。
通信路容量は
です。ここで
と書けます。加法的雑音の場合は雑音の確率分布に等しいことを使いました。
よって、
となります。
受信信号の電力は
送信信号と雑音信号が独立であることを使いました。
送信信号の平均電力を
とし、雑音信号の平均電力を
とすると、受信信号の平均電力は
となります。
ここで、平均電力
が与えられているときを最大化するを求めます。
ラグランジュの未定乗数、を導入した関数を考えます。
としたときとなるは
より、
すなわち
となります。
このときエントロピーは
となります。
よって、通信路容量は
となります。雑音がガウス雑音のとき、雑音信号の確率分布は
なので、
となり、
と示せました。
初めての人のためのLISP 第6講
読者の宿題、atom-countを書いてみた。
(defun atom-count (x) (cond ((atom x) 1) (t (atom-count2 x)))) (defun atom-count2 (x) (cond ((null x) 0) ((atom (car x)) (1+ (atom-count2 (cdr x)))) (t (+ (atom-count2 (car x)) (atom-count2 (cdr x))))))
定常情報源のエントロピーレート
定常情報源のエントロピーレートには2つの表し方があります。
1つは
で、もう1つは
です。
この2つの極限が等しいことを示します。
まず、以下が成り立ちます。これをチェインルールといいます。
すなわち
です。
ここで、条件が多くなるとエントロピーが小さくなるため、以下の式が成り立ちます。
上式の右辺は定常情報源の性質から以下となります。
上の2つの式から、はiについて、単調非増加であることを示しています。このことと、エントロピーが非負であることから、極限が存在することがわかります。
極限が存在することがわかったので、2つの表現が等しいことを示します。
以下のチェザロ平均aというものの性質を使います。
をとみなし、をとみなすと、
が成り立つことがわかります。
プログラミングGauche メタオブジェクトプロトコル
『プログラミングGauche』17章総称関数とオブジェクトの練習問題をやってみました。
総称関数subは、関数呼び出しの回数と、関数実行にかかった時間を保持する
このままだと、
そこで、
(use gauche.time) (define-class <logger-generic> (<generic>) ((log-on :init-value #t))) (define-method apply-generic ((gf <logger-generic>) args) (if (ref gf 'log-on) (begin (format #t "args: ~s\n" args) (let ((return-values (next-method))) (format #t "result: ~s\n" return-values) return-values)) (next-method))) (define-class <profiler-generic> (<logger-generic>) ((counter :init-value 0) (time :init-form (make <real-time-counter>)))) (define-method apply-generic ((gf <profiler-generic>) args) (inc! (ref gf 'counter)) (with-time-counter (ref gf 'time) (next-method))) (define-method get-profiles ((gf <profiler-generic>)) (format #t "~s: ~d times called and spent time ~d\n" (ref gf 'name) (ref gf 'counter) (time-counter-value (ref gf 'time)))) (define-method init-profile ((gf <profiler-generic>)) (set! (ref gf 'counter) 0) (set! (ref gf 'time) (make <real-time-counter>))) (define-generic sub :class <profiler-generic>) (define-method sub ((num1 <number>) (num2 <number>)) (- num1 num2))
以下のように使います。
gosh> (get-profiles sub) sub: 0 times called and spent time 0 #<undef> gosh> (define val (with-output-to-string (lambda () (map sub (iota 10000 100 3) (iota 10000 300 5))))) val gosh> (get-profiles sub) sub: 10000 times called and spent time 1.3829899999999549 #<undef> gosh> (init-profile sub) #<undef> gosh> (get-profiles sub) sub: 0 times called and spent time 0 #<undef> gosh> (set! (ref sub 'log-on) #f) #<undef> gosh> (define val (with-output-to-string (lambda () (map sub (iota 10000 100 3) (iota 10000 300 5))))) val gosh> (get-profiles sub) sub: 10000 times called and spent time 0.182114999999972 #<undef>
プログラミングGauche アドベンチャーゲーム
;; -*- coding: utf-8 -*- (use util.match) (define *player* (make-player 'hp 320 'mp 66 'position (car *dungeon*) 'inventory '(potion potion daggar cookie daggar))) (define (reset!) (set! *player* (make-player 'hp 320 'mp 66 'position (car *dungeon*) 'inventory '(potion potion dagger cookie daggar)))) (define (make-player . args) (let loop ((lis args)) (match lis [() '()] [(attr value . rest) (cons (cons attr value) (loop rest))] [_ (error "Number of arguments must be even:" args)]))) (define *dungeon* '(["あなたは森の北端にいる。道は南に続いている。" (s . 1)] ["あなたは鬱蒼とした森の中の道にいる。森は南北に伸びている。東に降りてゆく小径がある。" (n . 0) (s . 2) (e . 3)] ["足元がぬかるんでいる。道は直角に折れ、北と西に伸びている。西に続く道の先が明るくなっている。" (n . 1) (w . 4)] ["あなたは沼のほとりにいる。空気の動きが止まり、暑さを感じる。西に昇ってゆく小径がある。" (w . 1)] ["突然目の前が開けた。あなたは森の中の広場にいる。丈の短い、柔らかそうな草が一面に広場を覆っている。道が東に伸びている。" (e . 2)])) (define *item-database* `((potion (drink . ,(cut add-hp! <> 50)) (throw . ,(cut add-hp! <> -3))) (elixir (drink . ,(cut add-mp! <> 50)) (throw . ,(cut add-mp! <> -3))) (pancake (eat . ,(cut add-hp! <> 30)) (throw . ,(cut add-hp! <> -2))) (cookie (eat . ,(cut add-hp! <> 7)) (throw . ,(cut add-hp! <> -1))) (dagger (throw . ,(lambda (_) #f))))) (define (get-player-attr player attr) (cdr (assoc attr player))) (define (update-player-attr! player attr updater) (let ((p (assoc attr player))) (set! (cdr p) (updater (cdr p))))) (define (get-inventory player) (get-player-attr player 'inventory)) (define (has-item? player item) (member item (get-inventory player))) (define (delete-item! player item) (update-player-attr! player 'inventory (cut delete-1 item <>))) (define (delete-1 elt lis . options) (let-optionals* options ((cmp-fn equal?)) (let loop ((lis lis)) (cond [(null? lis) '()] [(cmp-fn elt (car lis)) (cdr lis)] [else (cons (car lis) (loop (cdr lis)))])))) (define (add-item! player item) (update-player-attr! player 'inventory (cut cons item <>))) (define (get-hp player) (get-player-attr player 'hp)) (define (add-hp! player n) (update-player-attr! player 'hp (cut + n <>))) (define (get-mp player) (get-player-attr player 'mp)) (define (add-mp! player n) (update-player-attr! player 'mp (cut + n <>))) (define (get-position player) (get-player-attr player 'position)) (define (set-position! player pos) (update-player-attr! player 'position (lambda (_) pos))) (define (use-item! what item) (cond [(not (has-item? *player* item)) (print item "を持っていません。")] [(itemproperty-get item what) => (lambda (action) (delete-item! *player* item) (action *player*))] [else (print item "を" what "することはできません。")]) #t) (define (item-properties item) (cond [(assoc item *item-database*) => cdr] [else '()])) (define (itemproperty-get item what) (cond [(assoc what (item-properties item)) => cdr] [else #f])) (define (describe) (print (car (get-position *player*))) #t) (define (move! direction) (let ((position (get-position *player*))) (cond [(assoc direction (cdr position)) => (lambda (p) (set-position! *player* (list-ref *dungeon* (cdr p))))] [else (print "そちらには移動できません。")])) #t) (define (status) (print "hp :" (get-hp *player*)) (print "mp :" (get-mp *player*)) (print "inventory :" (get-inventory *player*)) #t)